CONCLUSION: Radiation, NSAIDs, and combination therapy all showed efficacy as HO prophylaxis modalities. HO prophylaxis treatment and modalities should be guided upon patient and surgical factors such as surgical approach, side effects and tolerability of modalities, comorbidities, and available facility resources to optimize the prevention of HO.Level of evidence: Level IV Therapeutic.

The protease thrombin, which increases its levels with various pathologies, can signal through the G protein-coupled receptors protease-activated receptors 1 and 4 (PAR1/PAR4). PAR1 is a high-affinity receptor for thrombin, whereas PAR4 is a low-affinity receptor. Finding functions for PAR4 in endothelial cells (ECs) has been an elusive goal over the last two decades. Several studies have demonstrated a lack of functionality for PAR4 in ECs, with many claiming that PAR4 function is confined...

CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates there is room to improve both the existence and content of policies related to CGM and insulin pump use in hospitals.

CONCLUSIONS: The majority had gastroparesis improvement with erythromycin therapy. Those without improvement were younger and had a longer erythromycin treatment course. QTc prolongation occurred in 4 patients; no dysrhythmias were noted.

The light environment underwater can vary dramatically over space and time, challenging the visual systems of aquatic organisms. To meet these challenges, many species shift their spectral sensitivities through changes in visual pigment chromophore composition and opsin expression. The red shiner (Cyprinella lutrensis) is a North American cyprinid minnow species that inhabits waters ranging widely in turbidity and temperature. We hypothesized that the visual system of the red shiner is plastic...