Objective: Optic pathway glioma (OPG) diagnosed in adults represents a rare and understudied tumor subtype. While pediatric OPGs are typically benign and associated with NF1 and RAS/MAPK pathway dysregulation, less is known about the clinical characteristics and prognostic drivers of OPGs in adults. Methods: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines across multiple databases. Studies reporting patient-level data and follow-up for patients diagnosed with optic pathway...

Introduction: The costs associated with ambulance services are varied and poorly understood, which may contribute to financial burden and barriers to care for patients. Methods: We describe differences in ambulance service costs, comparing public versus private companies, by using the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services public use files. We determined the two largest public and two largest private ambulance companies in each state and calculated the average miles traveled per ambulance...

A redefinition of key notions in econophysics based on the Landauer principle is proposed. Marginal economic temperature is defined via the economic Landauer principle and is proportional to the minimal monetary cost associated with erasing or transmitting one bit of information in a given economic system. The actual economic temperature is defined as the effective monetary cost per irreversibly processed bit in a given economic system. The introduced definitions are particularly relevant for...

Small noncoding RNAs play critical regulatory roles in development across organisms. This study profiled microRNAs (miRNAs) and tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs) during bovine conceptus elongation. Elongating conceptuses were obtained via superovulation of eight Angus heifers. Twenty samples from ovoid (OV, n = 6; 0.5-3 mm), tubular (TUB, n = 7; 5-15 mm), and filamentous (FIL, n = 7; 20-34 mm) stages underwent small RNA sequencing. Differential expression of miRNAs and tRFs was analyzed using...

Misleading postevent information can alter an individual's memory. Three hypotheses (no conflict, coexistence, destructive updating) have been proposed to explain the fate of the original memory trace and have subsequently been mathematically formalized to enhance understanding of the predictions regarding false memory formation (Wagenaar & Boer, 1987). We utilized multinomial processing tree models to test these hypotheses concurrently. In two experiments, we implement the Loftus et al. (1978)...