OBJECTIVE: Valid, reliable, and low-cost tools to assess pain can enhance quantitative pain assessment in multiple settings. Therefore, we assessed the technical validity, concurrent validity, reliability, and treatment sensitivity of the Egyptian algometer, which is a low-cost pain assessment tool. We also examined clinicians' inter- and intra-rater reliability with this device.

The present study investigated the relationships between growth language mindset and behavioral, emotional, agentic, and cognitive engagement in foreign language learning. Additionally, it examined the role of self-efficacy for self-regulated learning in accounting for the connections between growth language mindset and the four dimensions of engagement. We collected data from 354 undergraduate students at a large foreign language institution in Vietnam. Data were analyzed using Structural...

CONCLUSION: Since 2009, the Pipkin classification system remains the most often used for femoral head fractures and ORIF is the most common treatment method. Although femoral head fractures are rare, the adverse outcome rate following injury is extremely high (35%). However, no relationships between fracture type, treatment type, and favorable outcome were identified.

Trust in scientists has declined among US conservatives, while belief in science itself remains high among nearly everyone. This indicates a political differentiation of scientific authority where political ideologues are increasingly getting their scientific information from different scientific sources. But beyond pure information consumption, those who have eschewed mainstream scientific authority are also more likely to find support for their scientific identity in a more differentiated...

Accurate prediction of protein-protein interaction sites is crucial to understanding biological processes, elucidating disease mechanisms, and accelerating drug discovery. Although graph neural network methods have shown potential in this field, but existing methods are limited by the static integrate multi-group features and insufficient perception of hierarchical 3D spatial geometric information, leading to insufficient predictive ability of orphan sites. To address these issues, this paper...