Artificial intelligence (AI) has started to transform diagnostic workflows in pathology, yet no formal pathological entity has been named, defined, and documented in the medical literature by an AI system. We report a benign acral pigmentary process characterized by conspicuous keratinocyte macromelanosomes with otherwise normal melanocyte density and architecture. We propose the term "acral melanosis with macromelanosomes (AMM)," a name and construct first generated with the assistance of a...

Aquatic prokaryotic cyanobacteria (algal blooms) produce cyanotoxins (CTs), significant pollutants in aquatic ecosystems. Direct exposure to high-concentration CTs through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion of contaminated water can lead to hepatotoxicity and neurotoxicity. However, the effect of exposure to CTs at low concentrations remains unclear. Given that CTs can cross the blood-brain barrier via organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs), we investigated the effect of acute...

CD4+ T cells predominate lymphocytic foci found in the salivary glands (SGs) of Sjögren's disease (SjD) cases. Yet little is known about T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire features that distinguish cases from healthy controls (HCs), the relationship between SG and peripheral blood (PB) repertoires of cases, and antigens recognized by pathogenic T cell clones. We performed deep sequencing of bulk-sorted CD4+CD45RA- PB T cells from SjD cases and matched HCs, and single-cell TCR sequencing of the...

We report the case of a previously healthy 33-month-old boy with vitamin A deficiency (VAD) who presented with bilateral eye swelling, redness, and photophobia of 1 month's duration following multiple misdiagnoses. After confirming VAD with serum vitamin A level testing, he was treated with vitamin A, and his eye complaints improved. However, he continues to have a corneal scar and is currently undergoing amblyopia treatment.

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) has emerged as a distinct demyelinating condition with unique clinical and radiographic characteristics that differentiate it from multiple sclerosis (MS) and aquaporin-4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (AQP4-NMOSD). This review provides a clinically focused update tailored for ophthalmologists, emphasizing the ocular manifestations, diagnostic workup, and current treatment strategies for MOGAD....