Primary adipocytes exhibit striking variability in size, yet the functional consequences of adipocyte hypertrophy remain unclear due to insufficient experimental approaches to control for cell size. Here, we establish methods to culture large and small primary adipocytes isolated from the same adipose depot, enabling size-resolved analyses independent of systemic obesity. Using transcriptomic, lipidomic, and functional profiling across two mouse models of obesity, as well as human clinical...

Percutaneous nephrostomy is widely used in kidney access surgeries. Despite its prevalence in urological interventions, it presents two operational challenges: 1) precise needle placement into the renal pelvis; and 2) avoiding hemorrhage from blood vessel rupture. In this study, we developed an endoscopic optical coherence tomography probe for needle navigation. We conducted experiments on thirty-one human kidneys for two aspects: 1) tissue recognition, and 2) blood vessel detection....

Different types of dietary restriction (DR) have been practiced by humans for religious and medical purposes for millennia, but only during the past three decades has the scientific study of DR at cellular and molecular levels proliferated. Here we review the evidence testing a variety of DR paradigms in the context of aging, focusing on mammalian findings. We discuss potential DR mimetics that modulate autophagy, FGF21, AMPK, mTORC1, NAD^(+) metabolism, SIRTs, GLP-1R and other pathways as well...

CONCLUSION: The MP approach remains advantageous for broader exposure and maneuverability; however, the microscopic TOA offers distinct anatomical exposure characteristics. These findings define the geometric differences between the two routes and may inform surgical planning in selected MCA bifurcation aneurysm cases.

The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which extracellular vesicles (EVs) circulating in blood after exercise training act as an effective mimetic to maintain skeletal muscle mass during unloading and/or accelerate recovery after disuse. Ten healthy males (27.7 ± 7.1 y) were recruited for a 6-week progressive resistance and endurance training program. EVs were isolated from blood before (EVs) or immediately after training (ExerVs). EVs were intraperitoneally injected into male...