Tokenization plays a critical role in preparing SMILES strings for molecular foundation models. Poor token units can fragment chemically meaningful substructures, inflate sequence length, and hinder model learning and interpretability. Existing approaches such as SMILES Pair Encoding (SPE) and Atom Pair Encoding (APE) compress token sequences but often ignore domain-specific chemistry or fail to generalize to larger or more diverse molecules. We propose a domain-aware method for SMILES...

CONCLUSION: Patients with severe symptoms and significant risk profiles were more likely to receive CAA. Capacity development and further research are needed to support an effective and safe clozapine therapy strategy.

CONCLUSION: A higher sodium intake and a higher Na:K ratio were associated with a higher risk of diabetes in this large cohort of Veterans. These findings may be applied in future work to identify personalized lifestyle and dietary supports to prevent and treat T2DM.

Using micro-computed tomography, we identified a network of skull channels in the calvarium of type 2 diabetic (T2D) mice that remained structurally intact and numerically stable despite long-standing disease. The retention of calvaria bone marrow structural integrity was associated with preserved hematopoietic capacity under chronic diabetic conditions, which was not observed in the bone marrow of long bones. A distinctive feature of the calvarial bone marrow compartment was its direct exposure...

This study evaluated the function of PPARα in vascular endothelial cells (EC) under physiological and disease conditions. EC-specific PPARα conditional knockout (PPARα^(ECKO)) and transgenic (PPARα^(ECTG)) mice were generated. Retinal vascular density and avascular area were evaluated in Griffonia simplicifolia isolectin B4 stained retinas. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) were quantified using flow cytometry. Vascular leakage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic animals was evaluated by Evans...