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INTRODUCTION: The brains of female mammals evolved to undergo structural and functional changes during pregnancy and lactation, equipping them for motherhood. However, long-term cognitive health implications of these adaptations in women are poorly understood.

CONCLUSION: A linguistic text analysis of LOR for those applying to a single psychiatry residency program in the U.S. found no meaningful evidence of gender bias.

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CONCLUSIONS AND PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Clinicians should base imaging decisions on the patient's medical and dental histories, clinical examination findings, disease risk assessment, and the presence of specific clinical conditions. When used appropriately, radiographic imaging contributes to dental treatment decisions and results in optimal patient care.